WHAT ARE INDICATOR LOOPS?
Anti-submarine ‘indicator loops’ are long lengths of cable laid on the seabed in shipping channels of strategically important ports. They rely on the production of an induced current in a stationery loop of wire when a magnet (in this case, a submarine) moves overhead. Even if wiped or degaussed, submarines still have sufficient magnetism to produce a small current in a loop. The current is detected by galvanometers at a Loop Control Station on the shore. This technology was developed by the British Royal Navy at HMS Osprey (Portland Naval Base) starting back in 1915 and first deployed at Scapa Flow, in the Orkney Islands at the northern tip of Scotland. Loops were use extensively during WW2 but ceased in 1945 when more sophisticated methods (sonar mainly) were shown to be more useful.

MAY ISLAND
May Island lies at the mouth of the Firth of Forth about five miles from the port of Anstruther, Fife.  It is best known for its important seabird colonies, bird observatory, three lighthouses and its ancient monastic ruins. However, during both world wars, the island was manned by the Admiralty and played a vital role in the defence of the approaches to Rosyth Naval Base, as well as the naval and mercantile anchorages in the estuary.

                                                        Firth of Forth loop layout

The Royal Navy sent a cable ship to the island on 2^nd September, 1937 to lay communication cables and indicator loops on the sea bed as part of defence arrangements planned for the Forth Estuary. The indicator loops which were laid on the sea bed in 1937 were part of the Forth’s anti-submarine defences, and extended in single lines from May Island to the Fife and Lothian coasts respectively.

A concrete base had also been laid at that time on May Island opposite the lightkeepers quarters in Fluke Street, as preparation for the possible future erection of a portable control station for the loops.  This control station took the form of a long corrugated hut which was stored at Rosyth with the ability of being erected on the May within 24 hours notice.

On 22^nd August, 1939, with the prospect of war looming once more, the fixed anti-submarine defences in the Firth of forth were ordered to be brought into an immediate state of readiness.  Robert John Horace Williams was called up to the R.N.V.R. in the rank of Lieutenant and was sent to the May Island as Officer in Charge.  Later he was promoted to Lieutenant Commander and remained at May Island until January, 1944, when he was succeeded by Lieutenant Commander Rolph E. Griffiths who remained in command until the naval personnel were withdrawn from the May in February, 1946.

The officer-in-charge, May Island, was responsible to the Commander-in-Chief, Rosyth, and nominally to the X.D.O. at Inchkeith.  His subordinate officers included one lieutenant, two sub-lieutenants, several watchkeeping officers, one C.P.O. electrician, one C.P.O. stoker, one P.O. Mechanic, one P.O. Radar Technician, and two P.O. cooks.

May Island Indicator Loop Control Hut (front)	May Island Indicator Loop Control Hut (rear)

Early in 1940, the lines of indicator loops were doubled.  Each line was made up of about four large looped cables which were numbered and overlapped to give a complete double submarine or ship detection capability right across the full width of the estuary mouth.

The two lines of loops were approximately one nautical mile apart, and the loops covering the north channel terminated on the sea bed at two points between Anstruther and Crail.  Similarly the loops covering the south channel passed either side of Bass Rock and terminated in Canty Bay.

The decision to double the loop system meant that the speed and course of crossings could also be determined.  This was especially important in the case of unidentified vessels, and during times of darkness or poor visibility. The control station was staffed by a Chief Petty Officer, four telegraphists, and twelve asdic ratings, divided into four watches.

Six harbour defence asdics (HDAs) were also anchored to the sea bed at strategic locations west of the loop system.  As with the loops, they were connected by cables to the control station on the May from where they were operated.  These asdics were likely laid down during the 1938 - 39 period.

The control station was also known as the H.D.A. hut, or the loop room.  It consisted of three apartments, these being from west to east, an engine room containing two diesel generators, a central monitoring room housing the instruments for operating the indicator loop and asdic devices, and a wireless telegraphy office or radio room, from where radio contact was made with the anti-submarine trawlers on patrol.  The main radio transmitter was a Marconi TW12 model, and the call sign for May

Whenever a crossing of the loops was not identified the asdics were manned and the A/S trawlers were alerted.  Unlike the indicator loops, they were not manned continuously, and were only brought into operation whenever an unidentified crossing had occurred.

Throughout the course of the war no enemy submarines or surface craft succeeded in entering the Forth.  There were, however, frequent false alarms, more often than not caused by local fishermen clandestinely fishing at night, or even large shoals of fish which could cause a “swing” on a loop.

May Island Generator Hut	May Island Operations Room

The Loop Hut was demolished in 2004. Photo: Bob Baird	Photo taken from Canty Bay, May Island. It shows, in the distance, Tantallon Castle sitting at the top of the cliffs. To the right of the castle is a group of buildings which were the Indicator Loop control buildings on Gin Head, at the eastern end of Canty Bay. It is difficult to distinguish the Ministry of Defence buildings from other farm buildings behind them. Photo: Bob Baird

May Island Signal Station in 1975 -  before demolition	May Island Signal Station 1980

Inchkeith Harbour Defences

Inchkeith is an island in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, located off Leith.  In conjunction with the other islands in the forth - Inchgarvie and Inchcolm - Inchkeith formed an important part of the defence of the Firth of Forth (including the Rosyth Naval Base). The Isle of May (as mentioned above) was also a part of the harbour defence and it had indicator loops and Harbour Defence Asdics to detect ships and submarines.

In 1941 there were over 650 Royal Artillery (TA) personnel on Inchkeith along with Royal Engineers, Naval Personnel and many sundry personnel that he estimated there were in total almost 1,000 men on the island. Inchkeith had one major full-time battery. It consisted of two 6" guns covering the North side of the island, two 6" guns covering the South side and the water between the island and Leith, a further two 6" guns in the West Fort, and two 9.2" guns defending the Rosyth dockyards. By 1943, after the country transformed from a defensive role to an offensive one, the island went into care and maintenance with personnel vastly reduced - possibly down to 160 personnel.  The defences were dismantled straight after the war and within a few months only a small number of troops with a "nucleus" of coastal guns remained.  In 1957 all military use of the island ceased, and the Northern Lighthouse Board assumed ownership in the early 1960s and began repairs, renovations or demolitions. Many of the dozens of buildings, emplacements, observation posts, signal stations, fire control centers, and nissen huts remain today in varying states of repair. Below are some photos of the buildings - The Port War Signal Station (PWSS) and the Battery Observation Post (BOP) - taken by Ron Morris on 3 June 2007.

Port War Signal Station	Battery Observation Post for the NE 6" gun (East Stell) with the subsidiary Signal Station built onto its rear (top left).

You can understand why this little signal station was necessary as this point of the island overlooking where the Boom and Indicator Loop were laid is obscurred from the PWSS by the Lighthouse complex (in the background).	The subsidiary signal station (NAVAL) which was built at the rear and on top of the BOP (Royal Artillery TA). The upright to the left in the photo is a rather thick beam of timber. Behind that there is an iron/steel girder (several feet tall) affixed to it. This is consistent with other flagstaff supports seen on Inchkeith and elsewhere in the Firth of Forth.